守护肠道健康标志(导航栏右侧图标)守护肠道健康

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综述转载 2026-08-28

肠黏膜机械屏障肠黏膜机械屏障(产丁酸菌及其代谢物丁酸对肠黏膜机械屏障调控机制的研究进展)

高阳 · 丁香园

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高阳

山西第五人员医院

【摘要】肠黏膜机械屏障是机体肠道防御体系的核心物理防线,其结构完整性受损能够引发肠道通透性病理性升高,导致内毒素、致病菌等有害物质侵入机体,诱发菌群移位与局部乃至全身炎症反应,与炎症性肠病及代谢性疾病等多种肠内外疾病的发生发展密切相关。以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌被视为维持肠道稳态的基石功能菌群,其代谢产物丁酸既是结肠上皮细胞的主要能量底物,亦是调控屏障功能的关键信号分子。本文系统综述了产丁酸菌及其代谢物丁酸调控肠黏膜机械屏障的作用机制,并在此基础上探讨以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌在肠内外疾病中的临床应用,旨在为靶向干预肠黏膜屏障损伤、防治相关疾病及微生态制剂开发提供理论参考。

【关键词】产丁酸菌;酪酸梭菌;基石菌;丁酸;肠黏膜;机械屏障;机制

1 引言

肠黏膜机械屏障的完整性是维持机体健康的基础。现有大量临床研究证实,诸多看似不相关的肠道及肠外疾病,其发生发展均与肠黏膜机械屏障的功能状态密切相关。在肠道疾病中,炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、结直肠癌等,均以肠黏膜机械屏障损伤为显著病理特征[1,2];在肠外疾病中,动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病,2型糖尿病、肥胖症等代谢性疾病,帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病等神经系统疾病,其病理进程均被证实与肠黏膜机械屏障受损继发的内毒素移位、全身性慢性低度炎症存在紧密关联[3-5]。

那么,肠黏膜机械屏障损伤是如何造成的呢?深入研究发现,产丁酸菌匮乏是导致肠黏膜机械屏障系统性损伤的核心驱动因素,亦是上述多种肠内外疾病共同的病理病根[6]。产丁酸菌作为肠道基石菌在维持肠道乃至全身稳态中发挥着不可或缺的作用。其核心代谢产物丁酸,为结肠上皮细胞提供超过70%的能量需求,维持肠上皮细胞的正常代谢与更新[7];同时,丁酸通过激活AMPK信号通路促进Occludin、Claudin-1及ZO-1等紧密连接蛋白的表达与正确组装,增强肠上皮细胞间连接复合体的稳定性[8,9]。当产丁酸菌匮乏时,肠上皮细胞能量代谢障碍,紧密连接结构破坏,肠道通透性病理性升高,形成“肠漏”,致使肠腔内致病菌、内毒素等有害物质穿越肠黏膜进入循环系统,触发局部乃至全身性炎症反应,从而驱动上述疾病的发生发展[10]。

肠道微生态系统由肠道正常菌群及其定植环境共同构成[11],肠道正常菌群是该系统的核心组成部分[12],而肠黏膜屏障功能的稳态是维持肠道微生态平衡、保障机体健康的关键基础[13]。肠黏膜屏障是肠道抵御腔内有害物质(如致病菌、内毒素等)穿过黏膜侵入机体深层组织与循环系统的结构与功能总和,由机械屏障、化学屏障、生物屏障及免疫屏障四部分协同组成,在维持肠道正常生理功能、抵御外源病原体入侵中发挥不可替代的作用[14]。其中,肠黏膜机械屏障的结构完整性是维持肠道通透功能稳态的核心结构基础[15]。因此,补充产丁酸菌以重建肠黏膜屏障稳态,是从根源上干预肠内外疾病发生发展的逻辑必然。

随着肠道微生态研究的深入,在众多肠道菌群中,以产丁酸菌为代表的肠道基石菌群对肠黏膜屏障的调控作用日益受到关注[16]。2024年,美国微生物院士赵立平在《Cell》杂志发表里程碑式研究,通过跨队列宏基因组与代谢组跨队列宏基因组与代谢组分析,首次系统证实产丁酸菌构成了维持肠道健康的“基石功能群”,其匮乏与肠道微生态失衡以及多种疾病的发生密切相关[17]。2026年,Snodgrass与Velayudhan在《International Journal of Molecular Sciences》发表综述,指出产丁酸菌是肠道菌群中的基石菌群,在保护肠道屏障、调控免疫、抗炎、维持健康中发挥核心作用[6]。现阶段细胞、动物、临床研究均证实了产丁酸菌的屏障保护效应,但现有研究较为零散,缺少调控通路的系统性整合。基于此,本文结合国内外最新研究进展,系统整合产丁酸菌及其代谢物丁酸调控肠黏膜机械屏障的作用机制,在此基础上,进一步总结以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌在各类肠内外疾病中的临床应用,以期为肠屏障损伤相关疾病的机制解析、临床防治及新型微生态制剂开发提供完整、体系化的理论支撑。

2 产丁酸菌及其代谢物丁酸

产丁酸菌是一类能够以膳食中难以消化的碳水化合物为底物合成丁酸的功能性菌群[6]。其中,酪酸梭菌(又称丁酸梭菌)作为代表性菌株,是肠道“基石功能群”的核心成员[18]。丁酸是产丁酸菌最主要的功能性代谢产物,也是其发挥生理作用的核心媒介,在维持肠道稳态方面起着关键作用[19]。丁酸是肠道菌群发酵未消化碳水化合物产生的四碳短链脂肪酸,主要通过丁酸激酶途径和丁酰辅酶A:乙酸辅酶A转移酶途径合成[20,21],后者是大多数产丁酸菌的主要合成途径。

3 肠黏膜机械屏障的结构基础、功能特征及与产丁酸菌的调控关系

肠黏膜机械屏障是肠道防御体系中最基础、最核心的物理防线,其结构主要由肠道上皮细胞与及其顶端的紧密连接复合体组成[22]。

3.1 肠上皮细胞

肠上皮细胞主要包括吸收细胞、杯状细胞、潘氏细胞、内分泌细胞、干细胞、微皱褶细胞(M细胞)及簇细胞等,各类细胞在维持肠黏膜机械屏障的结构完整性与功能稳态中承担着不可替代的分工[23,24]。

3.1.1 吸收细胞

吸收细胞是肠上皮细胞中数量最多的细胞类型,构成机械屏障的主体骨架[25]。其顶端微绒毛大幅扩展吸收面积,侧基底膜通过细胞间连接复合体与邻近细胞紧密结合[26]。吸收细胞沿隐窝-绒毛轴持续经历增殖、迁移、分化与凋亡脱落,以每3~5天为一个周期的全层更新,维持肠黏膜机械屏障结构的动态平衡[27]。同时,吸收细胞介导水、电解质、短链脂肪酸等物质的跨肠上皮转运,其代谢功能正常运转,是肠黏膜机械屏障获取能量、实现损伤自我修复的重要保障[28]。丁酸是结肠上皮细胞的重要能量底物,主要被吸收细胞氧化利用[29];此外,丁酸调控结肠上皮细胞增殖与凋亡平衡,维持肠上皮细胞有序更新,保障肠上皮物质跨膜转运功能稳态[30,31]。

3.1.2 杯状细胞

杯状细胞散在分布于吸收细胞之间,其核心功能是合成并分泌黏蛋白MUC2[32]。由MUC2组装形成的黏液层是肠道防御的第一道防线,杯状细胞作为肠上皮细胞重要组分,其数量与分泌活性的稳定性直接决定着黏液层的厚度与致密性,进而减轻肠上皮表面所承受的抗原侵袭与机械刺激,同时能够富集防御素、分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)等免疫效应分子,协同参与机械屏障、化学屏障与免疫屏障的多层防御体系[33,34]。产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸是维持杯状细胞功能的关键信号物质,丁酸通过抑制HDAC通路促进MUC2基因表达,维持杯状细胞增殖活力与黏液持续分泌能力[35,36]。

3.1.3 潘氏细胞

潘氏细胞定位于小肠隐窝底部,是肠道干细胞巢的重要组分。其胞内分泌颗粒富含α- 防御素等抗菌肽,以及溶菌酶、分泌型磷脂酶 A2 等抗菌活性物质,在病原体刺激下快速释放,构成隐窝局部化学防御[37]。更为关键的是,潘氏细胞分泌Wnt配体和表皮生长因子等信号分子,直接调控肠道干细胞的增殖与分化,为肠黏膜屏障稳态维持以及损伤后结构重建提供关键微环境信号[38]。上述抗菌物质与修复信号的持续合成释放均依赖稳定的细胞代谢水平,而产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸是维持潘氏细胞正常代谢活力的关键物质:丁酸能保障抗菌肽、Wnt/EGF修复信号分子稳定分泌[29,39]。

3.1.4 内分泌细胞

内分泌细胞散在分布于全肠道上皮,占肠上皮细胞总数不足1%,是调控肠黏膜机械屏障稳态的重要功能细胞[40]。这类细胞能够感知肠腔内营养信号与损伤刺激,分泌 GLP-2、5-HT 等胃肠活性物质双向调控屏障功能[41]:生理条件下调控肠道干细胞增殖分化、促进紧密连接蛋白组装,维持上皮结构完整;当肠黏膜机械屏障发生损伤时,快速释放修复信号分子,驱动肠上皮细胞增殖与定向迁移,并协同肠黏膜下血管新生支持屏障重构,加快肠黏膜机械屏障的结构重建与功能恢复[42]。内分泌细胞完成信号感知、活性物质合成与释放全过程均需要持续稳定的能量供给,而产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸正是其重要能量底物[43]。丁酸能保障内分泌细胞正常感知腔内刺激,稳定释放5-HT等屏障修复信号[43,44]。

3.1.5 干细胞

肠道干细胞位于隐窝基底隐窝底部,是维持肠上皮结构完整性的核心动力。肠道干细胞持续增殖分化产生全部肠上皮细胞亚型,当屏障出现糜烂缺损时,被迅速激活,通过增殖、迁移与分化填补创面,是机械屏障结构重建的唯一细胞来源[45,46]。因此,肠道干细胞在肠黏膜机械屏障的动态更新、损伤修复与稳态维持中发挥着不可替代的作用。产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸是调控干细胞增殖分化的关键信号物质,通过重塑隐窝微环境激活干细胞增殖相关Wnt通路,介导肠上皮更新调控[31]。

3.1.6 微皱褶细胞(M 细胞)

M细胞主要分布于派尔集合淋巴结表面的滤泡相关上皮中。M 细胞的特征在于:主动摄取并转运肠腔抗原以启动黏膜免疫应答的同时,始终维持细胞间紧密连接结构完整,不破坏肠上皮细胞层的物理连续性,是机械屏障与免疫屏障协同作用的关键节点[47]。此外,M细胞介导的针对性免疫应答能够有效清除致病菌,间接减少了病原体对肠黏膜屏障的侵袭与破坏[48]。产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸维持M细胞代谢稳态,平衡抗原转运功能与细胞间隙封闭结构[31,49]。

3.1.7 簇细胞

簇细胞是一类散在分布于全肠上皮的特化化学感受细胞,能够识别肠腔危险信号并分泌IL-25等警报分子,在肠黏膜屏障发生实质性缺损前即启动修复程序,发挥前馈保护作用[50]。此外,簇细胞通过旁分泌信号通路调控肠道干细胞的增殖活性与杯状细胞的分化进程,精细调节肠上皮更新节律,维持肠上皮细胞组成与肠黏膜屏障结构的动态稳态[51]。簇细胞完成信号识别、警报因子释放依赖稳定细胞代谢环境,产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸维持肠上皮代谢稳态,保障簇细胞维持信号感知功能,确保IL-25正常释放,实现肠道刺激预警并启动肠屏障前置保护机制[50,52]。

3.2 紧密连接结构

紧密连接是决定细胞旁通透性的核心结构,主要由跨膜蛋白(包括Claudin 家族、Occludin)、支架蛋白(ZO家族)及调节蛋白共同组成[53,54]。其中,Claudin家族成员构成细胞旁离子与水分子的选择性通道,决定屏障的通透特性[55];Occludin参与调节细胞间黏附的紧密程度;ZO蛋白则将跨膜蛋白锚定于肌动蛋白细胞骨架,是连接复合体组装的分子平台[56]。紧密连接通过封闭相邻肠上皮细胞顶端的间隙,形成限制大分子物质、细菌及内毒素经细胞旁途径穿越肠上皮的高阻力防线,直接决定了肠黏膜机械屏障的选择性通透能力[57]。各类紧密连接蛋白的表达丰度直接影响细胞间隙封闭效果,而产丁酸菌代谢物丁酸是调控蛋白表达的关键介质:丁酸能够通过激活GPR109A信号、抑制HDAC活性双重途径,上调Claudin-1、Occludin、ZO-1等密封型紧密连接蛋白表达,下调渗漏型Claudin-2,加固细胞间隙封闭结构[43,58],最终实现强化肠黏膜机械屏障、改善肠道渗漏的作用。

4 产丁酸菌匮乏导致肠黏膜机械屏障损伤及多屏障级联效应

4.1 产丁酸菌匮乏导致肠黏膜机械屏障损伤机制

产丁酸菌通过其核心代谢产物丁酸从能量代谢、细胞间连接、黏液屏障及免疫微环境等多个层面全面巩固肠黏膜机械屏障的结构完整性[59,60]。产丁酸菌匮乏导致丁酸分泌不足,结肠上皮细胞能量供给不足,ATP合成骤减,引发细胞水肿、细胞骨架解聚[30];肠道干细胞因能量耗竭而增殖分化活性显著下降,肠上皮细胞再生储备不足,肠黏膜机械屏障损伤后的修复过程难以启动[29]。其次,丁酸对紧密连接的正向调控因HDAC抑制效应消失而被解除:跨膜蛋白Claudin-1与Occludin表达下调,支架蛋白ZO-1发生去磷酸化并从连接复合体解离,导致细胞旁通路开放,构成“肠漏”发生的核心分子机制[61,62]。此外,杯状细胞MUC2合成锐减,黏液层孔隙增大、厚度变薄,物理拦截功能下降[63]。上述多层次损伤相互叠加,使肠黏膜机械屏障的结构完整性与选择性通透功能同步丧失。

4.2 肠黏膜机械屏障损伤引发屏障级联损伤

4.2.1 对化学屏障的影响

黏液层(主要由杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白 MUC2 构成)与潘氏细胞抗菌肽共同构成肠道化学屏障的两大核心组分,二者稳态均依赖丁酸调控,这也是产丁酸菌匮乏诱发屏障级联损伤的重要机制。黏液层除发挥物理阻隔作用外,更是防御素、溶菌酶、分泌型IgA等化学防御分子的储存支架与浓度梯度维持载体[64]。黏液层完整性破坏后,富集其中的化学防御分子失去固定支架,肠上皮表面抗菌分子的局部浓度显著下降,原有的梯度分布消失,肠道局部抑菌能力显著减弱[65]。同时,丁酸介导的GPR43/GPR109A信号通路失活,导致潘氏细胞防御素、Reg3γ等抗菌肽的分泌减少,进一步削弱隐窝区域化学防御能力[66]。黏液支架破坏与抗菌肽合成不足形成协同损伤,最终造成化学屏障抑制细菌定植、中和毒素、阻断病原体入侵的核心功能持续衰退。

4.2.2 对生物屏障的影响

机械屏障受损引发黏液层双层网状结构崩解,黏膜氧浓度梯度失衡,菌群赖以有序定植的空间约束条件被破坏,细菌及其代谢产物穿透屏障侵入固有层,肠道菌群空间分布秩序紊乱[67]。炎症浸润改变局部氧环境,兼性厌氧菌获得生长优势而专性厌氧的产丁酸菌因生态位压缩而丰度锐减,丁酸分泌不足使结肠上皮细胞的能量供给中断,屏障自我修复能力停滞[68];同时,产丁酸菌丰度锐减后,其对条件致病菌的营养竞争、黏附位点占据及细菌素杀伤等生态抑制效应随之消失,致病菌在黏液层缺损处大量增殖并分泌毒素,对已受损的肠黏膜机械屏障施加“二次打击”[69]。

4.2.3 对免疫屏障的影响

机械屏障损伤对免疫屏障的影响呈现从局部紊乱到全身失序的进展特征:首先,当吸收细胞缺损、紧密连接开放后,肠腔内大量食物抗原、细菌内毒素、病原体等免疫原直接侵入肠壁固有层,触发免疫屏障过度活化——巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞等先天免疫细胞大量募集,释放TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β等促炎因子,诱发肠道局部慢性炎症[70];其次,产丁酸菌匮乏导致丁酸分泌不足,导致肠上皮细胞pIgR表达下调,浆细胞分泌的二聚体IgA向肠腔转运受阻,sIgA对菌群的包裹覆盖率下降,黏膜免疫排斥功能减弱[65,71];同时,丁酸对HDAC的抑制效应消失,初始T细胞向调节性T细胞的分化减少,Th1/Th17过度活化,免疫耐受机制受损,对共生菌及食物抗原产生异常免疫应答[72];严重情况下,细菌及毒素突破局部防御入血,触发肠源性内毒素血症与全身炎症反应综合征,使免疫屏障从局部防御失效进展为全身免疫稳态失衡[10]。

5 产丁酸菌及其代谢物丁酸对肠黏膜机械屏障的调控机制

图 1产丁酸菌及其代谢物丁酸对肠黏膜机械屏障的调控机制

5.1维持肠上皮细胞能量代谢与损伤修复 肠上皮细胞的持续更新与损伤修复是机械屏障完整性的基础,这一过程高度依赖丁酸的能量支持。产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸通过单羧酸转运蛋白MCT1和钠偶联单羧酸转运蛋白SMCT1从肠腔转运至肠上皮细胞胞质,随后进入线粒体经β-氧化途径代谢产生ATP,为结肠上皮细胞提供能量支持,保障黏膜损伤后的肠上皮修复与屏障再生[43]。这一能量供给机制使受损的肠黏膜机械屏障能够迅速修复,重新发挥营养吸收和屏障保护功能。丁酸通过激活AMPK/PGC-1α通路促进线粒体生物发生,增强线粒体氧化磷酸化能力,进一步提升肠上皮细胞的能量储备[73]。此外,丁酸通过HDAC抑制效应参与经典Wnt信号通路的精密调控,维持肠道干细胞增殖分化能力,促进受损肠上皮结构重建[74,75]。

5.2 调控紧密连接蛋白表达

产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸对紧密连接的调控主要体现在表达调控与组装定位两个核心层面。在表达调控层面,丁酸在转录和翻译水平上上调紧密连接蛋白的表达。研究表明,丁酸通过促进转录因子Sp1与Claudin-1启动子区的特异性结合,显著增加Claudin-1的转录水平[76];解除LPS等刺激对Akt/mTOR的抑制,恢复4E-BP1的磷酸化,从而提高紧密连接蛋白的丰度[77]。在组装定位上,丁酸激活的AMPK介导紧密连接蛋白向细胞膜的定向转运与有序分布,使跨上皮电阻升高。同时,丁酸通过作用于肠上皮细胞表面的GPR109A受体,经AKT通路上调Claudin-3的表达,进一步巩固细胞间连接复合体[78]。

5.3 促进杯状细胞功能以维持肠黏液屏障完整性

由杯状细胞持续分泌的MUC2构成连续性凝胶网络,覆盖于肠上皮细胞腔面,其厚度与致密程度直接决定了肠腔病原微生物及大分子抗原与肠上皮细胞的接触概率,从而在物理空间上减轻紧密连接所承受的抗原暴露压力[79]。产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸对杯状细胞的生物学功能具有明确的调控效应,通过直接作用与间接调控两条途径增强黏液屏障功能:直接作用层面,丁酸在转录水平上促进杯状细胞合成与分泌MUC2,同时亦上调肠上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白的表达,共同维护肠黏膜屏障的整体完整性[35];体内间接调控层面,丁酸诱导肠道巨噬细胞向M2型极化,活化的M2型巨噬细胞进一步激活Wnt/ERK信号通路,进而增加杯状细胞数量、增强其分泌功能,促进肠黏液屏障修复[36]。

5.4 通过抗炎与免疫调节维护肠黏膜机械屏障

肠道炎症是破坏肠黏膜机械屏障的核心驱动因素,促炎因子与屏障损伤之间形成的恶性循环是多种肠道疾病迁延不愈的关键病理环节[80,81]。而该恶性循环的源头可追溯至产丁酸菌匮乏所导致的肠道微生态失衡:产丁酸菌丰度下降致使丁酸生成不足,一方面使肠道免疫微环境处于促炎极化状态;另一方面,肠上皮细胞因能量匮乏而修复能力下降,屏障完整性本就脆弱,更易受炎症因子的攻击[6,29]。屏障功能一旦受损,肠腔内的细菌内毒素及抗原物质便穿过肠上皮进入固有层乃至血液循环,激活免疫细胞进一步释放促炎因子,使肠黏膜屏障陷入持续损伤的恶性循环[82-84]。

针对这一病理环节,丁酸作为产丁酸菌的核心代谢产物,通过其强效抗炎作用实现对肠黏膜机械屏障的保护。在信号层面,丁酸通过上下游双重机制抑制NF-κB通路:作为HDAC抑制剂,它上调IκBα表达并稳定其蛋白,阻断p65核转位[61];同时直接抑制p65磷酸化,降低其转录活性[85]。在细胞免疫层面,丁酸通过HDAC抑制和GPCR(如GPR43、GPR109A)激活两条通路协同作用,强力诱导初始CD4⁺ T细胞向调节性T细胞分化,促进IL-10、TGF-β等抗炎因子分泌,并抑制Th1/Th17过度活化[72,86,87]。这种由促炎免疫应答向抗炎免疫应答的转变,有效切断了炎症与屏障损伤之间的恶性循环链条,为肠黏膜机械屏障的修复与稳态重建创造了有利的免疫微环境。

5.5 激活Nrf2通路缓解氧化应激

氧化应激是肠黏膜机械屏障损伤的重要诱因之一,产丁酸菌分泌的丁酸通过调控Nrf2信号通路,改善肠黏膜氧化还原稳态,减轻氧化应激介导的屏障损伤[88,89]。具体而言,丁酸通过促进Nrf2核转位并增强其转录活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)等脂质过氧化产物水平,恢复谷胱甘肽(GSH)等内源性抗氧化剂含量,同时上调谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶的表达[90,91]。现有研究表明,产丁酸的酪酸梭菌通过p62/Keap1/Nrf2信号轴发挥上述抗氧化效应,其中丁酸被认为是介导该效应的关键分子之一[91]。通过抑制氧化应激损伤,丁酸能够维持肠上皮细胞完整性与紧密连接结构稳定,从而保护肠黏膜机械屏障功能。

5.6 产丁酸菌的非丁酸依赖性肠黏膜机械屏障保护机制

产丁酸菌(以酪酸梭菌为例)对肠黏膜机械屏障的保护作用涉及多重非丁酸依赖性途径,并非仅依赖丁酸介导的能量代谢或HDAC抑制。首先,酪酸梭菌分泌的细菌素——酪酸梭菌素(Butyricin),其C段结构域能直接杀伤巴氏梭菌、艰难梭菌和产气荚膜梭菌等条件致病菌[69,92]。这种杀菌作用抑制致病菌在肠黏膜的定植与增殖,从而间接减少其毒素对紧密连接蛋白的降解,维护屏障结构完整。其次,酪酸梭菌来源的细胞外囊泡(CBEVs)将所携带的miR-199a-3p直接递送至肠上皮细胞胞质,通过抑制促炎性MAPK和NF-κB信号通路的过度活化,显著上调Claudin-1等紧密连接蛋白的表达,有效降低黏膜通透性[93]。此外,酪酸梭菌还能借助表面黏附素与肠上皮细胞特异性结合,在黏膜表面形成生物被膜样物理屏障,通过竞争性占位效应阻断致病菌与肠上皮细胞接触,从而降低机械屏障受损的风险[94]。三类通路独立且协同发挥作用,完善了酪酸梭菌肠黏膜屏障调控的多元作用体系,突破了仅以丁酸代谢解释其肠道保护功能的单一理论局限。

6 产丁酸菌(酪酸梭菌)在肠内外疾病中临床应用

6.1 在肠道疾病中的应用

6.1.1 炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(UC)和克罗恩病(CD),其核心病理特征为肠道黏膜屏障损伤与持续慢性炎症之间的恶性循环。在溃疡性结肠炎(UC)方面,酪酸梭菌联合常规治疗能够显著降低疾病活动指数,促进黏膜愈合[95,96];在针对术后并发症的防控同样效果明确,Koike等[97]对55例接受回肠储袋肛管吻合术的儿童UC患者进行回顾性分析,结果显示补充酪酸梭菌组急性储袋炎的发生率(10.5%)显著低于非补充组(58.3%),表明酪酸梭菌在预防UC术后并发症方面具有显著效果。施嫣红等研究证实,英夫利昔单抗联合酪酸梭菌的治疗方案能协同增效,旨在显著抑制CD患者炎症反应,有效改善肠黏膜屏障功能,从而最终改善患者的生活质量[98]。

6.1.2 肠易激综合征(IBS)

IBS以腹痛、腹胀及排便习惯改变为主要特征,其中腹泻型(IBS-D)尤为多见,其发病与肠道菌群失调、肠黏膜低度炎症及屏障功能受损密切相关[99,100]。酪酸梭菌通过分泌丁酸,一方面为结肠上皮细胞提供主要能量来源,促进肠上皮细胞修复、增强紧密连接复合体组装,维护肠黏膜机械屏障;另一方面通过抑制HDAC调控肠道免疫稳态,抑制肥大细胞活化、减轻黏膜低度炎症,降低内脏高敏感性,多重途径改善IBS临床症状[100,101]。江学良等[102]针对240例IBS-D患者的研究发现,持续补充酪酸梭菌CGMCC0313-1的临床总有效率达到99.2%,完全缓解率达到97.5%,该研究结果证实酪酸梭菌能够有效改善IBS-D患者临床症状。

6.1.3 抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)

AAD是抗生素破坏导致产丁酸菌匮乏,条件致病菌过度增殖,肠黏膜屏障受损,最终诱发腹泻[18,103]。酪酸梭菌具有天然耐多种抗生素的特性,与抗生素联合使用而不失活,通过分泌丁酸修复受损肠上皮细胞、分泌酪酸梭菌素直接抑制艰难梭菌等致病菌,多重途径重建肠道微生态稳态,减少腹泻复发[18]。周慧等[104]针对203例肺炎患儿的随机对照试验显示,与抗菌药间隔2-3小时序贯服用酪酸梭菌活菌散(宝乐安),将AAD的发生率从57.0%显著降低至11.7%。

6.1.4 腺瘤息肉与结直肠癌

结直肠癌的发生与产丁酸菌匮乏导致肠黏膜屏障损伤密切相关。酪酸梭菌通过分泌丁酸,同时发挥肠黏膜屏障保护、肿瘤生物学行为调控双重作用,在结直肠癌发生发展的多个阶段发挥干预作用[105]。动物实验表明,酪酸梭菌显著减少DMH诱导的结肠肿瘤数量和体积,抑制结肠癌细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡[106]。在临床研究中,酪酸梭菌应用于结直肠癌术后辅助治疗,降低术后炎症因子水平,促进肠道功能恢复,减少术后感染性并发症[105]。对于结直肠腺瘤息肉术后患者,酪酸梭菌能够调控肠道菌群稳态,有助于减少腺瘤的复发[107]。

6.2 在肠外疾病中的应用

6.2.1 心血管疾病

酪酸梭菌能够以修复肠黏膜屏障为重要途径,阻断内毒素移位引发的全身性低度炎症与氧化应激,进而减轻血管壁损伤,在动脉粥样硬化、高血压等心血管疾病领域展现多维度防治潜力。临床研究发现,心血管疾病患者肠道产丁酸菌相对丰度显著降低[108]。动物实验证实,补充酪酸梭菌显著缩小ApoE⁻/⁻小鼠的主动脉粥样硬化斑块面积,直接印证其血管保护效应[109];同时,补充酪酸梭菌能够辅助平稳降低收缩压、改善血管弹性,并降低促炎因子与氧化应激水平[110,111]。此外,酪酸梭菌分泌的丁酸还能减轻血管紧张素II诱导的心肌细胞肥大和胶原纤维沉积,展现出直接的心脏保护效应[112]。

6.2.2 代谢性疾病

酪酸梭菌通过产生丁酸调控紧密连接蛋白表达、修复肠黏膜屏障,阻断内毒素移位,在2型糖尿病、肥胖及代谢综合征、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)中展现出潜在干预价值。在2型糖尿病领域,酪酸梭菌能够减轻系统性炎症水平,改善胰岛素信号传导;一项纳入120例受试者的随机对照试验证实,酪酸梭菌显著降低空腹血糖、餐后血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平,并优化肠道菌群结构[113]。在肥胖及代谢综合征中,酪酸梭菌通过生成丁酸激活AMPK信号通路,促进脂肪酸氧化并抑制脂质合成,同时调控GLP-1、PYY等肠道激素分泌[114];针对NAFLD,酪酸梭菌以肠黏膜屏障修复为核心,阻断内毒素经门静脉移位进入肝脏,进而抑制肝脏TLR4/NF-κB炎症信号通路;一项纳入84例受试者的临床研究结果表明,酪酸梭菌联合护肝药物干预改善肝功能指标(ALT、AST),降低肝脏脂肪衰减参数(CAP 值)与血清内毒素水平[115]。

6.2.3 神经系统疾病

酪酸梭菌通过调节肠-脑轴在神经系统疾病中发挥治疗作用。产丁酸菌匮乏会导致分泌丁酸不足,破坏肠黏膜屏障完整性,引起肠道通透性升高,脂多糖及炎症因子等进入血液循环,损伤血脑屏障并侵入中枢,最终诱发神经炎症[116]。阿尔茨海默病与帕金森病患者产丁酸菌丰度均显著降低,且前者与认知功能损伤呈负相关[117,118]。因此,补充产丁酸菌以修复肠黏膜屏障,成为阻断上述通路的关键干预策略。酪酸梭菌通过恢复肠黏膜屏障功能发挥神经保护作用[119]。动物实验研究证实,补充酪酸梭菌能显著改善APP/PS1转基因阿尔茨海默病小鼠的认知功能,减少脑内β-淀粉样蛋白沉积与小胶质细胞活化,并降低TNF-α和IL-1β水平[120],从肠黏膜屏障修复到中枢病理改善,完整呈现了肠-脑轴的保护效应。

总结与展望

作为肠道核心基石菌群的产丁酸菌,尤以药用菌株酪酸梭菌最具转化价值,其依靠核心代谢产物丁酸多层次调控肠黏膜机械屏障,同时辅以细菌素、胞外囊泡、菌体定植占位等非丁酸途径,共同维持肠黏膜屏障结构完整。产丁酸菌对机械屏障的保护并非单一、孤立的调控过程,而是与肠黏膜化学屏障、免疫屏障、生物屏障形成联动调控网络,多屏障协同作用共同维系肠道稳态。丁酸上调杯状细胞MUC2表达增厚黏液层,强化化学屏障的前置隔离作用;通过抑制NF-κB炎症通路、诱导Treg细胞分化分泌抗炎因子,重塑平衡的黏膜免疫微环境;与致病菌竞争黏附位点,建立肠道生物屏障定植抗性,肠黏膜机械屏障的结构完整与功能稳定,本质是四类屏障协同调控产生的综合效应。

上述多重调控机制赋予了酪酸梭菌独特的临床转化潜力——我国在酪酸梭菌的基础研究与产业化应用方面已取得重要进展,其中酪酸梭菌菌株CGMCC0313-1具有自主知识产权,相关技术已获得中美两国发明专利授权(ZL 200610086642.3,US 7785581);基于该菌株开发的酪酸梭菌活菌制剂展现出良好的安全性与应用前景,酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊与酪酸梭菌活菌散等微生态制剂已实现规模化生产,并经国家药品监督管理局批准为绿标OTC药品[121-122],为酪酸梭菌在肠内外相关疾病防治中的推广应用,提供了可靠的菌株资源与制剂保障。

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