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抗生素杀灭肠道产丁酸菌致丁酸匮乏诱发肠黏膜损伤的机制与干预研究进展
杨明月 · 丁香园
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杨明月
河北医科大学第一医院消化科
【摘要】
抗生素相关性腹泻、结肠炎等临床常见的肠道并发症,其病理基础在于广谱抗生素诱发的肠黏膜屏障损伤与功能紊乱。既往研究多将该损伤归因于抗生素的直接细胞毒性及机会致病菌过度增殖,却忽视抗生素杀灭以酪酸梭菌为代表的肠道产丁酸菌引起的丁酸匮乏是肠黏膜损伤的核心始动因素。酪酸梭菌作为维系肠道微生态稳态的基石菌,通过合成丁酸全面调控肠道机械、化学、生物及免疫四大屏障功能。广谱抗生素的非选择性杀伤作用导致产丁酸菌丰度骤降,肠道丁酸供给急剧不足,继而诱发结肠上皮能量代谢障碍、紧密连接解离、黏液层变薄、菌群稳态失衡及免疫炎症级联反应,最终介导迁延性肠黏膜损伤。本文系统梳理了以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌保护肠道屏障的生理学基础,深入剖析了抗生素杀灭酪酸梭菌后肠黏膜损伤的分子病理进程,并总结了以补充酪酸梭菌为核心的干预新策略,为临床精准防控抗生素性肠黏膜损伤提供理论依据。
【关键词】抗生素;肠黏膜损伤;酪酸梭菌;丁酸;基石菌
1. 引言
抗生素是临床抗感染治疗的核心手段,显著降低了感染性疾病的病死率[1]。然而,伴随广谱抗生素的广泛应用,抗生素相关性腹泻、抗生素相关性结肠炎等肠道并发症呈高发态势,已成为临床用药安全中不可忽视的问题[2]。
自20世纪40年代青霉素率先应用于临床以来,克林霉素、头孢菌素类等抗生素相继问世并用于细菌感染的治疗。伴随抗生素的广泛使用,大量患者用药后出现无明确诱因的腹泻、腹胀等消化道症状。彼时,临床研究仅将其归因于抗生素对胃肠道的局部刺激,视同普通药物不良反应加以对症处理,止泻药即为主要的干预手段[3,4]。20世纪50至60年代,临床陆续报道了多例抗生素相关性结肠炎病例,部分病例检出金黄色葡萄球菌,口服万古霉素由此被确立为标准治疗方案[5]。然而,该病因解释仅能涵盖少数病例,无法阐明绝大多数抗生素相关肠道病变的发病本质。20世纪70年代,随着克林霉素在临床的广泛使用,重症难治性腹泻病例集中暴发,不少患者伴随便血、持续高热等危重表现。1977年Bartlett与Onderdonk借助仓鼠结肠炎模型揭示了抗生素能够扰乱肠道原有菌群平衡,诱导耐药艰难梭菌大量增殖并释放毒素,进而导致肠黏膜坏死糜烂[6,7]。但临床超半数抗菌药物相关性腹泻仍无法用艰难梭菌感染解释[8,9]。这一临床矛盾迫使医学界重新审视抗生素性肠黏膜损伤的根本病因。
肠道基石菌是指在肠道微生态中起结构性支撑、功能主导、稳态调控作用的核心菌群。国际微生态前沿研究明确提出,肠道基石菌必须具备持续高产丁酸的核心能力[10,11]。2024年,美国微生物科学院院士赵立平团队在《Cell》发表的研究指出,产丁酸菌群是肠道“基石功能群”,是决定宿主健康的核心菌群[12]。2026年,美国詹姆斯麦迪逊大学Bisi T. Velayudhan团队再次指出以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌是肠道基石菌。产丁酸菌通过分泌丁酸发挥保护肠黏膜屏障、调节免疫、消除炎症与调节菌群平衡的功能,在维护肠道健康发挥不可替代的核心支撑作用[10]。近年来微生物组学与代谢组学研究进一步证实,抗生素会杀灭以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌,造成肠道丁酸浓度显著下降,该过程是抗生素介导肠黏膜结构与功能损伤的核心机制[13,14]。本文聚焦于“抗生素杀灭肠道产丁酸菌,进而介导肠黏膜损伤”这一关键通路,系统梳理其病理机制与干预策略,为临床针对性防治提供理论依据。
2. 酪酸梭菌与丁酸的肠道生理保护功能
酪酸梭菌是一种严格的厌氧、产芽孢的革兰氏阳性菌,是肠道中主要的丁酸生产者[13,15]。酪酸梭菌生成的关键代谢产物丁酸是维持肠黏膜稳态的核心调控分子,能够全方位强化肠道四大屏障体系,稳固肠黏膜屏障完整结构。
图1 肠道四大屏障体系示意图
2.1 机械屏障
机械屏障由单层结肠上皮细胞与细胞间紧密连接共同构成,是其他三大屏障的基础[16]。酪酸梭菌代谢生成的丁酸是肠上皮细胞的核心能量底物,在结肠腔中能达10–20 mM的浓度,通过β-氧化为肠上皮提供约70%的能量需求[17]。丁酸还能通过驱动上皮细胞增殖与损伤修复,上调ZO-1、occludin、claudin-1等紧密连接蛋白的表达,修复破损上皮间隙、稳固肠道机械屏障[18,19]。Zhu等人2025年的研究证实,酪酸梭菌上清液显著增加Caco2细胞中紧密连接蛋白的表达并降低肠道通透性发挥肠黏膜屏障保护功能[20]。
2.2 生物屏障
生物屏障由定植于肠黏膜的大量共生菌群构成,如同地表植被,依靠占位效应阻挡病原菌定植、分泌保护性代谢产物[21]。酪酸梭菌是构建生物屏障的核心有益菌,通过合成丁酸修复肠上皮、稳固机械屏障,为生物屏障形成奠定物理基础[22]。除此以外,该菌还能营造肠道酸性厌氧微环境、经交叉营养供给与竞争抑制机制强化定植抗力,抵御沙门氏菌、产毒大肠杆菌等致病菌侵袭[23]。Hagihara等人的研究表明,酪酸梭菌通过代谢与免疫调节双重途径增强对艰难梭菌的定植抵抗能力[24]。
2.3 化学屏障
化学屏障主要由肠道黏液层构成,杯状细胞分泌的MUC2黏蛋白是黏液层的主要结构成分。酪酸梭菌通过抑制Notch信号通路,促进杯状细胞分化与MUC2分泌,增厚肠道黏液层,从而强化化学屏障[20]。
2.4 免疫屏障
酪酸梭菌生成的丁酸通过G蛋白偶联受体(GPR41、GPR43、GPR109A)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制双重途径,精密调控肠道免疫屏障[17]。在肠上皮细胞中,丁酸激活NLRP3炎症小体诱导IL-18表达以维持黏膜稳态,并促进抗菌肽、钙卫蛋白及紧密连接蛋白(claudin、occludin)的表达[17];在黏膜固有层中,丁酸调节免疫细胞的归巢与分化,抑制单核细胞和巨噬细胞中IL-12、TNF等促炎细胞因子的转录,增加抗菌肽与钙卫蛋白的产生[17]。丁酸还具有诱导调节性T细胞(Treg)分化,维持机体免疫稳态、抑制过度炎症应答的功能[25]。此外,丁酸还通过激活GPR43受体促进产IL-10的Th1细胞中颗粒酶B的表达,进而抑制炎症的发生发展[26]。
3. 抗生素杀灭产丁酸菌的核心机制
以酪酸梭菌为代表的肠道产丁酸菌对克林霉素、青霉素类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类等多数临床常用广谱抗生素高度敏感[27]。该类抗菌药物作用靶点集中于革兰阳性菌细胞壁或核糖体,在肠道腔内持续维持有效抑菌浓度,强效杀伤、抑制酪酸梭菌芽孢萌发与活菌增殖,造成肠道酪酸梭菌丰度断崖式下降[28]。Palleja等发表于《Nature Microbiology》的研究通过多组学分析发现,联合使用美罗培南、庆大霉素和万古霉素三种最后防线抗生素4天后,以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌显著减少,且肠道微生态在停药后长达180天仍未恢复稳态[29]。这种长周期的生态位空缺,构成了抗生素性肠黏膜损伤迁延不愈的微生物学基础。
4.丁酸匮乏诱导肠黏膜损伤的病理机制
抗生素杀灭产丁酸菌后,肠道中这一核心功能类群急剧减少,导致丁酸严重匮乏。丁酸作为结肠上皮细胞主要的能量底物和黏膜稳态的关键调控分子,其缺失将通过以下多条相互交织的途径诱发肠黏膜屏障的结构与功能损伤。
图2 丁酸匮乏诱导肠黏膜损伤的病理机制示意图
4.1 结肠上皮能量代谢障碍与机械屏障瓦解
结肠上皮细胞高度依赖丁酸驱动的线粒体有氧氧化供能[30,31]。生理稳态下,以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌源源不断生成丁酸,后者通过激活线粒体有氧氧化通路,为上皮细胞更新、修复提供充足ATP[32]。一旦抗生素杀灭产丁酸菌,丁酸合成锐减,线粒体氧化磷酸化进程受阻,ATP合成水平骤降,肠上皮陷入能量饥饿状态:一方面细胞增殖活性显著降低,衰老破损的黏膜细胞无法及时更替,肠道黏膜自身修复功能近乎丧失[13,33];另一方面能量匮乏启动细胞凋亡程序,上调Caspase-3、Caspase-9等凋亡相关蛋白表达,加速肠上皮病理性凋亡[34]。在此基础上,产丁酸菌不足引起的丁酸匮乏还会显著抑制紧密连接蛋白Occludin、Claudin-1、ZO-1的基因转录与蛋白合成,导致上皮细胞间紧密连接松解、间隙扩大,肠道通透性显著升高,形成“肠漏”状态。肠道内的内毒素、细菌代谢毒素、未消化的食物大分子通过破损屏障进入血液,诱发全身低度炎症反应,加重肠道黏膜损伤[14,16]。
4.2 生物屏障崩溃与致病菌增殖
抗生素对以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌的清除,一方面造成菌群生态位空缺,另一方面因丁酸缺乏而引发肠腔pH升高及厌氧微环境破坏,二者协同为艰难梭菌、致病性大肠杆菌和变形杆菌等病原体的定植与扩增提供了适宜条件[35,36]。病原菌暴发性增殖释放大量肠毒素和细胞毒素,持续攻击肠上皮屏障,致使黏膜充血、糜烂和溃疡形成[23,37]。值得注意的是,Liu等的研究证实,补充酪酸梭菌能够有效逆转这一病理过程:在抗生素清除约90%盲肠菌群的小鼠模型中,酪酸梭菌干预在10天内显著加速了产丁酸菌的重建和丁酸水平的恢复[38]。该研究证实了酪酸梭菌在重建生物屏障中的核心地位。
4.3 化学屏障受损与黏液层变薄
抗生素杀灭产丁酸菌后,肠道丁酸生成锐减,直接破坏了肠黏膜化学屏障的维持与修复机制。一方面,丁酸供给中断导致杯状细胞活性显著减弱,MUC2表达下调,肠黏膜表层黏液层变薄,难以有效隔绝肠腔细菌及毒素与上皮的直接接触;另一方面,丁酸匮乏会升高肠道局部pH值,削弱酸性环境对致病菌的抑制作用,进一步加剧有害物质对黏膜的刺激,推动肠道黏膜损伤进程[33,39]。
4.4 免疫微环境失衡与炎症级联激活
抗生素对产丁酸菌的大量杀伤造成肠道丁酸浓度急剧下降。Salvi与Cowles指出,产丁酸菌合成的丁酸对肠上皮增殖和炎症的调节具有浓度依赖性:生理浓度下维护上皮稳态,而浓度过低时则保护功能丧失[33]。丁酸浓度过低会削弱组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制作用,Treg细胞分化受阻,抑炎因子IL-10分泌减少,NF-κB通路过度激活,大量促炎因子释放,加剧黏膜局部炎症反应[25,40,41]。同时,免疫耐受失衡会导致肠道菌群抗原被异常识别,诱发持续性免疫应答,使轻微黏膜损伤进展为慢性、持续性炎症损伤,这也是不少患者停用抗生素后肠道黏膜损伤久治难愈关键机制[42,43]。
5.抗生素性肠黏膜损伤引发的临床疾病概述
抗生素杀灭以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌,使肠道丁酸持续处于匮乏状态,由此引发的肠黏膜屏障损伤,是导致轻重不等肠道病变的病理基础。若迁延不愈,则进展为慢性器质性损伤,继发全身性代谢紊乱与免疫失衡,最终诱发多系统慢性疾病的发生。
5.1 抗生素相关性腹泻
流行病学研究显示,5%到20%的抗生素使用者在治疗开始几天或几周后会出现抗生素相关腹泻(AAD),发病率在虚弱、住院患者和幼儿中最高[44,45]。其核心机制为抗生素杀灭产丁酸菌后,丁酸对肠道有害菌的抑制作用消失,难辨梭菌、变形杆菌等致病菌过度定植,叠加丁酸匮乏导致肠黏膜屏障破损、液体大量渗入肠腔,直接诱发抗生素相关性腹泻[46]。Duan等人强调产丁酸菌的耗竭是AAD从急性向慢性转化的关键节点,肠道丁酸持续不足,黏膜损伤无法修复,急性腹泻转为慢性腹泻,长期损害肠道吸收功能[46]。恢复以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌群而非简单止泻应成为AAD治疗的核心目标。
5.2 炎症性肠病
炎症性肠病(IBD)主要包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎。宏基因组学研究证实,IBD患者肠道中产丁酸菌属的丰度显著低于健康人群[47],这种产丁酸菌的持续低丰度状态与抗生素暴露史密切相关[48,49]。其核心病理链条为反复应用抗生素持续杀伤肠道以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌,丁酸合成锐减致使肠道固有抗炎微环境彻底瓦解,肠黏膜上皮能量供给不足、修复能力受损,肠屏障完整性持续破坏,黏膜固有层促炎细胞大量浸润,造成肠黏膜反复糜烂、溃疡,最终诱发炎症性肠病,其中青霉素、头孢类抗生素诱发该病的风险更为突出[50,51]。Wang等人在2025年的研究中进一步证实,酪酸梭菌通过调节法尼醇X受体(FXR)信号通路保护小鼠小肠屏障功能,有效改善DSS诱导的肠道损伤[52]。
5.3 肠易激综合征
肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种以腹痛、腹胀及排便习惯改变为特征的功能性肠病,其中腹泻型(IBS-D)最为常见[53]。抗生素暴露会显著增加IBS发病风险[54,55],其关键机制在于抗生素对肠道以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌的杀伤作用导致丁酸持续匮乏,造成肠黏膜屏障破损、内脏敏感性升高[56]。酪酸梭菌丰度的下降,正是IBS从急性发作向慢性迁延转化的关键驱动因素[57]。临床实践中,补充酪酸梭菌已被证实能有效修复肠黏膜屏障,并对IBS患者的腹泻等腹部症状具有显著疗效[58]。
5.4 伪膜性肠炎
克林霉素、头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类等广谱抗生素大量杀伤肠道核心产丁酸有益菌,导致丁酸合成显著减少,肠道屏障功能及对艰难梭菌的定植抵抗能力随之下降,肠道共生菌群稳态失衡,由此引发艰难梭菌大量过度增殖。艰难梭菌持续分泌毒素A、毒素B侵袭结肠上皮,引起黏膜严重炎症、结构完整性破坏,并在表面形成特征性黄白色伪膜[59,60]。部分重症病例会进展为中毒性巨结肠[61]、全身性脓毒症[62],严重危及患者生命。
5.5 二重感染
产丁酸菌所生成的丁酸,不仅能直接抑制白色念珠菌菌丝发育与毒力基因表达,还是维持肠道及生殖道黏膜中Th17细胞分化与功能的关键代谢物[63,64]。丁酸的缺失不仅下调结肠上皮紧密连接蛋白的表达,导致肠黏膜机械屏障损伤和“肠漏”,还抑制树突状细胞与巨噬细胞的抗真菌程序,削弱Th17细胞的分化与黏膜应答。肠道内定植的白色念珠菌借此经破损的肠黏膜侵入黏膜下层,进而进入门静脉及全身循环,诱发侵袭性念珠菌病乃至念珠菌血症,严重时会危及生命[65]。
5.6 肠息肉与癌症
一项发表于《Nature Medicine》的研究指出,抗生素的反复和长期使用与结直肠息肉和癌症的风险增加显著相关[66]。在正常结肠上皮中,产丁酸菌生成的丁酸作为能量底物维护上皮稳态;但在癌细胞中,未被代谢的丁酸进入细胞核充当HDAC抑制剂,通过表观遗传调控抑制增殖并诱导凋亡[67]。同时,丁酸经GPR109A-AKT通路下调GLUT1和G6PD,阻断癌细胞的葡萄糖摄取、糖酵解及DNA合成[68],并显著增强5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)对癌性结肠细胞的化疗敏感性[67]。上述丁酸的抑癌与化疗增敏作用,均依赖于肠道以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌维持的充足丁酸供给。临床常用抗生素(如环丙沙星、克林霉素等)不仅会大量杀伤产丁酸菌,还能显著降低产丁酸菌诱导的抗菌肽cathelicidins和β-defensin-3的表达,从而削弱肠上皮的先天免疫防御能力[69]。产丁酸菌的耗竭使肠黏膜长期处于慢性炎症状态,为息肉形成及癌变提供了病理微环境[70]。
5.7 肠外疾病
抗生素杀灭产丁酸菌引发的肠黏膜屏障破坏和系统性炎症,通过肠-肝轴、肠-脑轴等通路影响肠外器官[71,72]。
在肠-肝轴方面,生命早期抗生素暴露显著降低肝脏丁酸水平,通过GPR109A受体损害Kupffer细胞和肝细胞的IL-18产生,进而抑制肝脏驻留自然杀伤细胞的成熟与抗肿瘤功能,而补充酪酸梭菌则能够逆转这一损害[73]。Sun等人发现,莫西沙星通过引起产丁酸菌的缺失、干扰丁酸产生,经肠-肝轴诱发肝损伤[74]。在肠-脑轴方面,口服广谱抗生素能破坏肠-脑轴通讯,导致啮齿动物出现成瘾、社交障碍、记忆缺陷和焦虑等异常行为[75]。产丁酸菌的代谢产物丁酸能够通过抑制HDAC发挥神经保护作用,改善神经退行性疾病的行为缺陷[76,77]。酪酸梭菌已被证实能够通过肠-脑轴显著改善慢性应激诱导的抑郁样行为[78]。在代谢疾病方面,队列研究显示抗生素使用与肥胖及2型糖尿病发病风险升高存在显著关联[79]。Guarner等人认为,生命早期抗生素暴露所致产丁酸菌群的耗竭对代谢健康产生长期乃至终身影响[79]。新近提出的“肠-丁酸-CKM轴”理论认为,产丁酸菌的丧失及其导致的肠道丁酸匮乏,是驱动心、肾、代谢系统多器官病理进展的重要但此前被忽视的因素[80]。
6.抗生素相关肠黏膜损伤的临床高危场景
特定临床情境下,前述各类肠道疾病的发生风险显著升高,其风险高低与抗生素种类、疗程、用药方案及患者基础状态密切相关。
6.1 抗幽门螺杆菌感染
目前临床根除幽门螺杆菌(Hp)的方案多为抗生素三联或四联疗法(如阿莫西林联合克拉霉素、甲硝唑或四环素等),疗程通常为10~14天[81]。这种高强度、多药联合的抗生素暴露方案,虽在短期内对Hp有效,却也同时对肠道以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌群造成显著杀伤,进而诱发腹泻、腹胀等肠道并发症[82]。
6.2 抗结核治疗
以利福平、异烟肼等为代表的一线抗结核药物需长期口服(通常6个月以上),这类药物对肠道产丁酸菌具有持续性的杀灭作用[83]。长期暴露下,患者不仅面临腹泻风险,更需警惕伪膜性肠炎等严重并发症的发生,尤其在高龄、合并使用糖皮质激素或免疫功能异常的结核病患者中,风险更为突出[84]。
6.3 抗肺部感染
肺炎患者常需接受7~14天甚至更长的广谱抗生素治疗,常用药物包括β-内酰胺类(如头孢曲松、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦)、氟喹诺酮类(如左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星)及碳青霉烯类等。治疗肺炎的核心风险在于抗菌谱极广,对产丁酸菌群具有近乎全覆盖的杀伤效应,且呼吸道感染患者常伴随全身炎症反应,进一步放大了产丁酸菌匮乏的负面效应[85]。
6.4 外科围手术期
围手术期预防性使用抗生素是控制感染风险的重要手段,但抗生素在杀灭病原菌的同时,会无差别地杀灭肠道产丁酸菌。研究表明,结肠癌、阑尾炎等术后患者应用抗生素后,以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌丰度显著下降,肠道屏障功能明显受损,提示产丁酸菌匮乏是术后肠道功能恢复延迟的重要诱因[86,87]。
6.5 肿瘤放化疗
放化疗本身的毒性已导致恶性肿瘤患者体内产丁酸菌处于匮乏状态。在此基础上,若因粒细胞缺乏伴发热等感染性并发症而必须使用抗生素,则产丁酸菌群会面临二次重创,使患者更易出现顽固性腹泻、黏膜炎甚至菌血症,进而严重影响抗肿瘤治疗的耐受性与连续性[88,89]。
6.6 肝肾病患者及特殊人群
慢性肝病及慢性肾病患者本就因肠道产丁酸菌匮乏处于肠屏障功能下降的病理状态,抗生素的使用进一步加剧产丁酸菌的匮乏,从而诱发或加重各类严重并发症,如肝性脑病、自发性细菌性腹膜炎等[90,91]。此外,在新生儿、婴幼儿及老年等人群中,即使常规疗程的抗生素应用也极易诱发产丁酸菌匮乏,且恢复过程缓慢,临床管理中应予以重点防范[92,93]。
7 抗生素相关性肠黏膜损伤的干预策略
临床实践中应严格遵循抗生素使用指南,坚决杜绝无指征用药、超疗程及超剂量用药,优先选用窄谱抗生素,最大限度减少抗生素对以酪酸梭菌为代表的肠道产丁酸菌的无差别杀伤[94]。在必须使用抗生素的临床情境下,主动补充外源性酪酸梭菌是预防和治疗肠黏膜损伤的核心干预手段。
7.1 边抗边调
“边抗边调”是一种抗生素治疗期间的临床用药策略,核心是在抗感染的同时补充外源性酪酸梭菌,以预防内源性产丁酸菌因抗生素杀伤而耗竭,进而从源头阻断肠黏膜损伤的发生。一项纳入120例患儿的随机对照研究显示,在抗菌药物治疗基础上加用酪酸梭菌二联活菌制剂能够有效降低住院抗菌药物治疗儿童AAD发生率[95]。该策略的核心要点包括:(1)在抗生素用药首日即开始联用酪酸梭菌,并贯穿整个抗生素治疗周期。早期干预能有效阻断产丁酸菌匮乏引起的肠黏膜损伤。(2)抗生素与酪酸梭菌活菌制剂应间隔2~3小时分次服用。酪酸梭菌活菌对氨苄青霉素、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、四环素及氯霉素等抗生素敏感,若同时服用将导致活菌被直接杀灭而失效。间隔服药能确保活菌制剂在抗生素血药浓度低谷期进入肠道并完成定植[96]。
7.2 抗后再调
“抗后再调”指在停用抗生素后,继续服用酪酸梭菌制剂1~4周,以促进内源性产丁酸功能群的重建与肠黏膜的完全修复。抗生素停药后,肠道产丁酸菌群的重建需要一定周期,肠道微生态在180天后仍未恢复稳态[29]。若不加以主动干预,不仅肠黏膜修复进程将严重受阻,还面临艰难梭菌等条件致病菌抢占生态位、引发二重感染的风险[97]。“抗后再调”正是通过外源性酪酸梭菌的持续供给,维持肠道丁酸水平,以促进产丁酸功能群的重建与肠黏膜的完全修复。
8 总结与展望
综上,抗生素杀灭肠道以酪酸梭菌为代表的产丁酸菌所引发的丁酸匮乏,是抗生素性肠黏膜损伤的核心致病机制。当前临床防治仍以对症止泻和经验性抗感染为主,较少针对酪酸梭菌耗竭这一核心病因开展靶向干预,致使肠黏膜修复不完全,症状反复迁延,难以实现根本性缓解。基于此,补充外源性酪酸梭菌以恢复肠道丁酸水平,是阻断病理进程的关键策略。
图3 酪酸梭菌菌株CGMCC0313-1
我国在该领域已取得重要进展。酪酸梭菌菌株CGMCC0313-1具有自主知识产权,相关技术已获得中美两国发明专利授权(ZL 200610086642.3,US 7785581)。基于该菌株开发的酪酸梭菌活菌制剂展现出良好的安全性与显著的临床价值。基础研究证实,酪酸梭菌CGMCC0313-1能够稳定分泌丁酸,修复抗生素造成的结肠破损黏膜,下调肠道促炎因子水平,有效缓解肠黏膜充血、糜烂等典型损伤表现[98]。临床研究进一步表明,酪酸梭菌CGMCC0313-1显著降低抗生素使用患儿腹泻发生率,并有效改善患者肠道屏障功能指标[96]。上述证据表明,补充酪酸梭菌CGMCC0313-1的干预策略,已具备从基础机制到临床应用的完整证据链,是抗生素性肠黏膜损伤防治的有效手段。
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